International Research Journal of MMC (IRJMMC)

Examining the Role of Microfinance Institutions in Enhancing Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth

2025-05-06T03:50:04+00:00

This study examines the role of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in enhancing financial inclusion and fostering economic growth. Employing a qualitative exploratory research design, the study relied on secondary data sourced from journal articles, books, reports from financial regulatory bodies, and relevant online databases. The findings indicate that MFIs play a crucial role in providing financial services to marginalized communities, promoting entrepreneurship, reducing income inequality, and stimulating economic activities. However, challenges such as high interest rates, limited outreach, and sustainability concerns persist. The implications of this study highlight the need for policy interventions to strengthen the effectiveness of MFIs through regulatory support, technological innovation, and capacity-building programs. These insights contribute to the broader discourse on financial inclusion and provide valuable recommendations for policymakers, financial institutions, and development agencies aiming to enhance economic participation among low-income populations.

Analyzing Grammatical Errors in English Essays by EFL Students

2025-05-06T03:54:11+00:00

Error analysis is a systematic scrutiny and elucidation of inaccuracies present in learners' written or spoken expressions due to a lack of their understanding of rules. This study, which executed a cross-sectional research survey design, is to analyze the grammatical errors in a corpus of 105 essays written by 105 BBM (Bachelor of Business Management) and BBA (Bachelor of Business Administration) third semester students studying English as a foreign language (EFL) at Makawanpur Multiple Campus Nepal in the Academic Year 2024. The instrument used for this study to collect data involved students’ written essays in English language. All the students were asked to write an essay of almost 700 words on a topic “Significance of Effective Communication Skills”. Essays of 105 students were selected from those of 143 students through a simple random sampling technique, especially a lottery method. The sample size, which included the essays of 105 students was determined by employing a software calculator, taking a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 5%. The study identified 15 sorts of grammatical errors, such as verb tense, article, subject verb agreement, preposition, number agreement, parallelism, word choice, run-on sentence, modifier, fragment, collocation, word order, punctuation, pronoun, and double negative. The results depict that the highest error was in the use of the verb tense (163 occurrences / 14.0%), whereas the lowest error was observed in the use of double negatives (22 occurrences / 2.0%) while writing negative sentences. Mann-Whitney U test (Sig. or p = .846) revealed a uniform distribution of errors across categories of the BBM and BBA programs, ultimately leading to the acceptance of the null hypothesis. The implications of the study extend to language teaching methodologies and assessment practices, aiming to enhance the writing proficiency of EFL learners.

Blended Learning Models: A Necessity for Modern Education

2025-05-06T04:00:25+00:00

The research article explores the necessity of blended learning models to enhance more active engagement of students and their better academic performance. Using an exploratory research design, the study collected qualitative secondary data from books and journal articles. Qualitative descriptive analysis was executed to draw the findings. The findings reveal that blended learning models are necessary for modern education as they enhance flexibility, improve academic outcomes, boost student engagement, foster active learning, promote digital literacy, develop 21st-century skills, ensure accessibility and inclusivity, support educational continuity, encourage innovation in teaching, require professional development, promote inclusivity, and prepare students for the future. The study highlights the importance of integrating face-to-face and digital learning to enhance flexibility, engagement, academic outcomes, and inclusivity. Students, teachers, policy makers, and institutions will be benefitted from this study to prepare learners with 21st-century skills and digital literacy.

Guidelines for Simple Linear Regression Analysis in IBM SPSS: A Step-by-Step Approach

2025-05-06T08:23:03+00:00

Simple linear regression is a powerful statistical tool used for scrutinizing the relationship between an independent variable, and a dependent variable. SPSS, which stands for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, is a software application developed by International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) for a statistical analysis. This article aims to suggest some guidelines for executing a simple linear regression analysis in SPSS. The author went through books, journal articles and relevant website materials to muster required secondary qualitative data for the attainment of the objective. A comprehensive overview of literature on the regression analysis enables the author to conclude data preparation, assumption validation, data entry in SPSS, simple linear regression analysis, interpretation of the results and reporting of findings as guidelines for conducting simple linear regression analysis. This article is significant as it offers a systematic and accessible framework, aiding researchers and analysts in effectively utilizing SPSS for the accurate and efficient analysis of simple linear regression in empirical research studies.

Family Dynamics and Student Well-Being: A Quantitative Study

2025-05-06T08:27:13+00:00

Family dynamics play a crucial role in shaping individual well-being. This study examines the connection between family structure and well-being, focusing on life satisfaction relationships, financial stability, community support, life satisfaction, meaning and purpose, and general well-being. A cross-sectional survey was conducted of age group 18-25 among 565 students in Kathmandu Valley using opportunity based purposive sampling. Family structure and well-being were assessed using the Adult Wellbeing Questionnaire (24 items). Descriptive and inferential statistics, including Welch’s t-test and ANOVA with Games-Howell post hoc analysis, were employed. Single-parent families reported the highest well-being across multiple domains, whereas blended/stepfamilies had the lowest. Significant differences were found in life satisfaction (p = .005), physical/mental health (p = .005), overall well-being (p = .002), social support (p = .009), meaning/purpose (p = .013), and positive/negative affect (p = .016). Character/caring (p = .121) and relationships (p = .052) were non-significant. Findings highlight the impact of family structure on well-being, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions for children in blended/stepfamilies. Future research should explore underlying mechanisms and develop support strategies to promote well-being and positive development across diverse family types.

Piloting the Impact of Government Expenditure, Inflation, Unemployment, Trade Openness and Environmental Quality on Economic Growth: Empirical Insights from G7 Countries

2025-05-06T08:32:24+00:00

This study navigates the impact of government expenditure, unemployment, inflation rate, trade openness, and environmental quality in terms of carbon emissions on economic growth in G7 countries. It uses secondary data from seven-member countries of G7 spanning from 1990 to 2023. The unbalanced panel data were collected from various International Monetary Fund and World Bank reports. It covered 266 data points. The causal correlational research design was used. The positivist research philosophy, deductive reasoning, and quantitative analysis guided it. Some statistical tools like descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, Johnsen-Fisher and Kao residual panel cointegration test, Granger and Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test, and Robust least square method were used to explore the impact of variables. The trade openness was not statistically significant in determining G7 countries' economic growth. The unemployment and inflation rates were individually significant in determining economic growth. One unit change in unemployment and inflation rate resulted in a 0.117 and 0.028 unit decrease in economic growth in G7 countries. Likewise, government expenditure had a positive and statistically significant (P=0.00) impact on economic growth. One unit increase in government expenditure results in a 0.044 increase in economic growth. Similarly, carbon emissions were also significant in determining economic growth. The carbon emissions and economic growth were simultaneously increased. The value of the R-squared was 0.653; it indicates that a nearly 65.3 percent variation in economic growth depended on unemployment, inflation rate, trade openness, government expenditure, and environmental quality regarding carbon emissions. To promote sustainable economic growth, policymakers in G7 nations should prioritize reducing unemployment and inflation while strategically boosting government spending and tackling carbon emissions, considering their substantial economic effects.

Urbanization and Its Environmental Impact on Human Beings in Nepal

2025-05-06T10:31:04+00:00

Urbanization, marked by population growth and industrial development, has led to significant social, economic, and environmental transformations worldwide, including in Nepal. This study examines the impacts of urbanization on the environment and society in Nepal, with a particular focus on the Kathmandu Valley. It investigates how urbanization impacts human well-being in Nepal through a non-empirical, desk-based approach that reviews sources of secondary data. The rapid and often unplanned urbanization in Nepal, fueled by migration, economic opportunities, and changes in policy, has created both advantages and challenges. While urbanization has driven economic growth and enhanced access to education, healthcare, and various services, it has also resulted in deforestation, loss of biodiversity, air and water pollution, and inadequate waste management, leading to serious public health concerns and environmental decline. The study highlights socio-economic inequality, poor housing conditions, and insufficient infrastructure as major challenges associated with urbanization. The findings underscore the necessity for sustainable urban development strategies, which should include improved urban planning, public health initiatives, and effective environmental management practices. Tackling these challenges is essential for balancing economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity. The study stresses the urgent need to address the negative impacts of urbanization on Nepal’s ecosystems and natural resources, providing insights into sustainable urban practices that can inform future policy decisions.

Unveiling the Jazz Age: A Critical Review of The Great Gatsby

2025-05-06T11:32:42+00:00

This review article examines F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby" as a critical insight into the American Dream during the Jazz Age. Employing a systematic approach, the review initially summarized each of the novel's nine chapters, tracing the unfolding plot and character arcs. Building upon this foundation, it conducts a literary analysis that probed into the novel's thematic richness, emphasizing Fitzgerald's pointed critique of materialism and the deceptive allure of the American Dream. The secondary data for this study was obtained from academically published, peer-reviewed journal articles, books, and reputable websites that analyze the aforementioned novel from different perspectives to support and critique this literary work. This analysis highlights Jay Gatsby's obsessive pursuit of wealth and social standing as a means to reclaim a past love, illustrating the dream's ultimately unattainable nature. Symbolic elements like the green light and the Valley of Ashes were explored to demonstrate their role in conveying the novel's central themes of aspiration and moral decay. Furthermore, the review interprets characters such as Tom and Daisy Buchanan, and Nick Carraway, as representative figures reflecting the social stratification and ethical ambiguities prevalent in 1920s American society. Ultimately, the review concludes that "The Great Gatsby" endured as a significant work of literature, providing a poignant social critique and a timeless reflection on the human condition, cautioning against the dangers of romanticizing the past and the superficiality inherent in a materialistic worldview. Hence, for implication, this study provides a nuanced understanding of The Great Gatsby as a literary reflection of the Jazz Age, offering valuable insights into the socio-cultural critique of the American Dream and its inherent moral contradictions, thereby enriching contemporary literary discourse on the interplay between aspiration and ethical decay.

Decadal Analysis of Research Trends in Statistical Literacy

2025-05-06T11:36:43+00:00

This study critically examines the evolving landscape of statistical literacy research from 2015 to 2024 through bibliometric analysis of publication trends, co-authorship networks, co-citation patterns, and keyword clusters. Findings reveal a field marked by dynamic growth but persistent fragmentation, with publication output rebounding after early fluctuations to peak in 2024. While interdisciplinary connections between statistical literacy, healthcare, and education demonstrate strength, the analysis uncovers significant gaps in equity-focused research, representation of emerging scholars, and integration with modern data science paradigms. Co-citation networks highlight the dominance of established figures, suggesting systemic barriers to broader recognition, while keyword analysis reveals tensions between methodological rigor and practical application. The study identifies three key recommendations: fostering inclusive collaboration to amplify underrepresented voices, bridging theory and practice through innovative educational tools, and systematizing research agendas through standardized frameworks. These findings underscore the need for intentional strategies to ensure statistical literacy research remains relevant, equitable, and impactful in addressing contemporary data-driven challenges.

Capital Adequacy in Nepalese Commercial Banks: The Role of Size, Profitability and Credit Risk

2025-05-07T02:04:30+00:00

Purpose: The research investigates the factors affecting Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) in Nepalese commercial banks through an analysis of bank size in addition to Return on Equity (ROE), Return on Assets (ROA), and Non-Performing Loans (NPLs). These factors show their impact on financial stability together with regulatory compliance according to the research findings.

Design/methodology/approach: The research used explanatory and descriptive statistics with quantitative approach. The research analyzed 19 Nepalese commercial banks through their data collected over ten years from 2015 to 2024. The research collected its secondary data through website examination of banks alongside their records at the Nepal Stock Exchange (NEPSE). This research utilized SPSS version 2026 to perform correlation and regression tests which evaluate the relationships between Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) and main financial determinants.

Findings: The research shows bank size and profitability acted as positive factors to boost companies' Capital Adequacy Ratios while these ratios depend on bank size and profitability levels. Direct correlations existed between increased non-performing loans and shareholder profit distributions and declining CAR since these factors increased risk exposure and negatively affected retained earnings.

Conclusion: The research demonstrates that profitable bank institutions with substantial size enhance capital adequacy ratios but credit risks and shareholder dividends negatively affect it. Regulatory institutions benefit from these findings to enhance bank’s capital protection and risk control processes.

Implication: The authorities should implement tougher capital adequacy rules while banking institutions must lower their delinquent loan levels and achieve a balance between profitability and capital retention to preserve financial stability.

Originality/value: The examination of this study provides financial institutions, researchers and policymakers an original empirical source about CAR in Nepalese banks which also guides policy decisions.

Glass Ceiling Perception and Its Role in Women Employees Turnover Intention in Insurance Industry

2025-05-08T00:47:13+00:00

This study examines the effect that glass ceiling perceptions have on female employees' intention to leave life insurance companies in the Kathmandu Valley. As part of a cross-sectional explanatory study design, data from 252 female employees was collected in January 2025 using a purposive sampling technique through a structured questionnaire. Employee relations, lack of organizational support, discriminatory promotion practices, and family obligations were all examined in relation to turnover intention. The results of the correlation study showed that employee relations, organizational support, and discriminatory promotion practices were significantly correlated with the intention to leave. Employee relations negatively correlated (-0.178, P < 0.05) with turnover intention. In contrast, discriminatory promotion practices had a positive correlation (0.320, P < 0.01), and regression analysis verified that discriminatory promotion practices, family obligations, and a lack of organizational support significantly impacted this intention. According to these results, lowering turnover intention and raising organizational commitment among women in the insurance industry require removing glass ceiling barriers, advancing gender equality, and fostering better employee relations. The study implies the need for diversity initiatives, transparent promotions, mentorship programs, and addressing gender biases in organizations.

Cultural Influences on Consumerism and Lifestyle Choices: An Analysis of College Students in Makawanpur, Nepal

2025-05-08T00:53:58+00:00

Cultural influences affect consumerism and lifestyle choices by shaping individual values, priorities, and social expectations. Traditions, norms, and media play a role in guiding preferences for products, fashion, and activities, creating unique consumer trends that reflect cultural identity and societal values. The main objective of this study is to examine the influence of cultural factors on consumer habits and lifestyle choices among youth students at Makawanpur Multiple College, specifically investigating how local and global cultural dynamics shape their consumption patterns and choices in Hetauda Sub-metropolitan City. The research adopts a descriptive research design. Primary data were collected directly from undergraduate and postgraduate students in the Management and Humanities faculties through structured interviews. Additionally, secondary data were obtained from previous studies, books, articles, bulletins, and journals. The study highlights key points of social behaviors among youth, focusing on friendship, consumer habits, and leisure activities, all influenced by gender and financial status. While wealthier students engage more in social activities, economic disparities limit others. Gender roles remain entrenched, with male students taking financial responsibility in social settings. Social media dominates youth culture, while literary reading declines, revealing evolving cultural patterns. This study emphasizes the implications of cultural influences in shaping consumer habits and lifestyle choices among youth, particularly in Hetauda. It highlights the impact of economic status, gender roles, and social media on social behaviors, revealing evolving cultural trends.

Exploring the Trade Dynamics of Commercialized NTFPs in Gorkha, Nepal

2025-05-08T00:57:00+00:00

The commercialization of NTFPs has begun to receive attention for its potential to improve rural livelihoods and generate export revenues. This study focuses on the collection and marketing of commercialized NTFPs from Gorkha district. Primary data were gathered, drawing data from fiscal years (2075-81) of export permit records from the Division Forest Office, Gorkha, through key informants and phone interviews. Descriptive analysis was employed, with graphs and charts prepared using MS Excel, and ArcGIS utilized for mapping the study area. Currently, 38 plant species of NTFPs were traded from the district, categorized into seven groups based on their commercial applications. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) dominate the sector, comprising 66% of the total trade volume, followed by wild foods and dyes. Over the past five fiscal years, Gorkha district traded a total of 180,510 kg of NTFPs, generating approximately Rs. 2,256,615 in revenue. The highest revenue was recorded in FY 2080-81, followed by FY 2078-79. Six species - Girardinia diversifolia, Swertia chirayita, Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora, Moringa Oleifera, Curculigo orchioides, and Nardostachys grandiflora are noted for their high value based on revenue collected, while Bergenia ciliata, Majitho, Setakchini, Allo, and Kalo Musali lead in terms of quantity traded. The collection and supply chain of NTFPs in Gorkha district involves community and local collectors gathering products from various villages, which are then aggregated at local depots, such as Macchikhola, Baluwa Bajar, Dodheni Bajar. To ensure legality and facilitate transport, NTFPs were verified and issued transport permits by the DFO, Gorkha. Subsequently, regional traders distribute these products to different districts and national markets. The study recommends establishing species-specific scientific trading regulations to optimize market opportunities. Adequate research and favorable resources should be allocated to explore other potentially commercially traded NTFPs. Commercialization of NTFPs in Gorkha district could contribute significantly to local economic development by generating income for rural communities, but to optimize market opportunities and ensure sustainable trade, species-specific scientific regulations and further research are essential. This would help enhance the efficiency of the supply chain, ensure the legality of the trade, and potentially expand the range of commercially traded NTFPs.

Knowledge and Attitude Towards Eye Donation among Young Adults in Sainamaina Municipality

2025-05-08T01:11:51+00:00

Corneal transplantation is a very successful treatment for corneal blindness. However, the main problem is the lack of donor tissue. Young adults represent a potential donor pool. So, assessing their knowledge and attitude helps to aid in crafting targeted educational campaigns potentially increasing the number of future donors. This study is to assess the level of knowledge and attitude on eye donation among young adults in a ward of Sainamaina Municipality. A descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among young adults of age between 19 to 40 years in Sainamaina Municipality. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to collect data by interviewing the individual by using structured interview schedule. The collected data were entered, organized and coded in Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Out of 119 respondents, 46.2 percent belonged to the 30-39 age group with the mean age of 29 ± 6.38. Regarding the level of knowledge about eye donation, more than half of the respondents (54.6%) had a low level of knowledge and 45.4 percent had moderate level of knowledge. But 60.5 percent respondents had positive attitude toward eye donation and 39.5 percent had negative attitude. In terms of willingness to donate eye, only 21.8 percent of the respondents were willing to donate their eyes. The study highlighted that though respondents had positive attitude towards eye donation, they had poor knowledge and low willingness to donate their eyes. So, different educational campaigns, interactive workshops on eye donation to enhance their knowledge and in-depth qualitative studies are necessary to identify the reasons behind the discrepancy between attitude and willingness of public on eye donation seems necessary. This study might help to enhance knowledge of eye donation in the community.

Socio-Economic Determinants Shaping Institutional Delivery in Gandaki Province, Nepal

2025-05-08T01:19:43+00:00

Institutional delivery services are crucial for improving maternal and neonatal health. Their utilization is influenced by diverse socio-economic and geographical determinants, as seen in Gandaki Province, Nepal. The study assessed the determinants of institutional delivery using 206 observations drawn from primary sampling unit which has used NDHS, representing different demographics. Age, birth-order, religion, caste/ethnicity, education, residence, and the wealth index were among the factors that were analyzed by employing logistic regression to assess how they actually influenced institutional delivery rates. The results show that within-birth cohort differences were largely in social status, and wealth index considers using institutional delivery services, while younger (20-24 years) women showed lower odds of using institutional delivery (OR = 0.33432, p = 0.046). Access to educational attainment was the most associated factor positively affecting service utilization because women with higher education have significantly higher odds (OR = 12.92771, p = 0.021), thus signifying the incredible transformational effect of education. Socio-economic factors reflective through wealth index show that middle-income and richer households were more likely to use institutional delivery services. The difference among castes/ethnic groups was big, however. Brahmin/Chhetri (OR = 0.269745, p = 0.044) and Janajati women (OR = 0.170093, p = 0.02) were much less likely to deliver in an institution than other groups. While living in a rural area was not statistically significant in the impact, the geographical factor and poor health infrastructure were vital concerns. The study was directed towards the very focus of attending to socio-economic inequalities, quality health care, and the sensitization of institutional deliveries. It stresses the much-needed multi-dimensional approaches-reforms in policy, education, and infrastructure development that will facilitate the access of maternal healthcare into the Gandaki Province. This study also brings some understanding to the helpful for specific involvements aimed at closing gaps between institutional delivery services and maternal and newborn results. Future research necessitates inquiries to assess the effectiveness of these strategies towards achieving equitable access health care across the boundaries of Nepal. The study implies that targeted policy reforms and multi-dimensional strategies addressing socio-economic disparities, educational access, and healthcare infrastructure are essential to improving institutional delivery rates and achieving equitable maternal and neonatal health outcomes in Gandaki Province, Nepal.

Gender Socialization and its Impact on Career Choices: A Sociological Analysis

2025-05-08T01:23:56+00:00

Gender socialization profoundly shapes individuals' perceptions, aspirations, and ultimately, their career trajectories, perpetuating entrenched occupational segregation. This qualitative study examines how gender socialization influences career choices, employing a sociological lens to uncover the underlying mechanisms that steer men and women toward traditionally gendered professions. The objective of this research is to explore the role of familial, educational, and societal institutions in reinforcing gender norms that dictate occupational preferences. Utilizing a qualitative research design, this study analyzes secondary data from authoritative books, peer-reviewed journal articles, and credible web-based documents to synthesize existing knowledge on gendered career socialization. Findings reveal that from early childhood, boys and girls are exposed to differential treatment. Boys are encouraged toward STEM and leadership roles, while girls are steered toward caregiving and humanities, reinforcing a gendered division of labor. Moreover, media representations and institutional biases further entrench these disparities, limiting career diversity. The implications of this study are significant for policymakers, educators, and parents, highlighting the need for gender-neutral socialization practices to foster equitable career opportunities. By challenging stereotypical norms and promoting inclusive environments, society can mitigate the restrictive impact of gendered expectations on professional aspirations. This research contributes to ongoing sociological discourse by underscoring the necessity of structural interventions to achieve occupational equity.

Defect of Modern Development: An Analysis of Destroying Traditional Chautaris

2025-05-08T01:27:04+00:00

This paper examines the destruction of Chautari in Phalebas Municipality-7, Limithana, Parbat, using a survey research design and purposive sampling. The study found that modern development activities are responsible for the decline of Chautaris, with most respondents citing the destruction of trees and the use of AC and fans instead of Chautari. The study also found that Bar, Peepal, and Sami trees play a crucial role in controlling harmful insects. The decline of Chautaris is attributed to migration, the decline of native traditional culture, the rise of modern transportation, and political influences. The lack of traditional rituals and the dominance of modern transportation contribute to the erosion of cultural continuity. The study emphasises the importance of preserving Chautaris to maintain the region's cultural heritage and highlights the need for strong collaboration among stakeholders, including academia, researchers, and planners. The findings will be beneficial for academia, researchers, and planners in addressing these issues and preserving the region's cultural heritage.

Fiscal Decentralization Practices in Federal System: An Evidence from Some Countries and Western Hill, Nepal

2025-05-08T01:30:24+00:00

This paper examines the fiscal decentralization practices of some federal countries and perception from public regarding the overall federal system in Western hill of Dhawalagiri region selecting Baglung municipality, Beni municipality and Kusma municipality as a sample purposively from Gandaki Province of Nepal. This research work follows a mixed methods approach. For this, available literature as a secondary sources are reviewed from abroad countries adopted federal system into practice. Similarly, for assessing the perception of respondents regarding the issues such as institutional powers, people truest in the overall system, inter-governmental relation, autonomy, responsibility and accountability, 100 key informants were selected based on stratified random sampling representing at least 30 sample from each municipality covering equal proportion of key informants from both public and local representative of the study area. The results are analyzed descriptively. The study found that local governments lack sufficient authority to make financial decisions (54 %) and lack adequate resources (41 %). Fiscal responsibility transfers are found will-structured. Coordination between government levels is found effective. Autonomy has improved and operate transparently. There is found high public participation in decision making. Fiscal decentralization is seen as a tool to enhance service delivery and reduce inequality. However, the study found institutional barriers and resource constraints. Lastly, the results of the study have synthesized to formulate policy recommendations and disseminated to the concerned authorities of the sample area. This study will helpful for government and further researchers.

अविश्रान्त उपन्यासमा नारी स्वतन्त्रता (Women's Freedom in the Novel Avishrant)

2025-05-08T01:34:17+00:00

प्रस्तुत अध्ययन अम्बिका अर्यालको अविश्रान्त उपन्यासमा नारी स्वतन्त्रता अध्ययनसँग सम्बन्धित रहेको छ । नारीहरूमाथि हुने शोषण, दमनको विरोद गर्दै नारी हक, हितका पक्षमा वकालत गर्ने अवधारणमा आधारित वाद नारीवाद हो । यस उपन्यासमा के कस्तो नारी स्वतन्त्रता रहेको छ भन्ने प्राज्ञिक समस्या समाधान गर्नु नै यस अध्ययनको मुख्य उद्देश्य हो । यस अध्ययनबाट अविश्रान्त उपन्यासका नारी पात्रहरूमा नारी स्वतन्त्रताको चेतना सशक्त रूपमा आएको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । प्रस्तुत उपन्यासमा नारीमाथि हुने गरेका हिंसायुक्त कार्यका विरुद्ध विद्रोही तथा प्रतिरोधी स्वरहरू पनि सशक्त रूपमा आएका छन् । सबैजसो नारी पात्रहरूमा नारीका उत्पीडनलाई नै विषयवस्तुको केन्द्र बनाइएको छ । नारीका पक्षमा वकालत गरिएको यस उपन्यासले समग्र नारी स्वतन्त्रताको चेतना थपिदिएको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । [The present study is related to the study of women's freedom in Ambika Aryal's novel. Feminism is based on the concept of advocating for women's rights and interests while opposing the exploitation and oppression of women. The main purpose of this study is to solve the academic problem of what kind of women's freedom is in this novel. This study has concluded that the consciousness of women's freedom has come strongly in the female characters of the novel. In the present novel, rebellious and resistant voices have also come out strongly against the acts of violence against women. In most of the female characters, the oppression of women has been made the center of the theme. It has been concluded that this novel advocating for women has added awareness of overall women's freedom.]

Awareness of Sexual and Reproductive Health among School-Going Adolescents in Selected Schools of Lalitpur District, Nepal

2025-05-08T01:39:15+00:00

Adolescence is a crucial development phase with several changes. It requires knowledge about sexual and reproductive health (SRH) to empower them with informed health choices to reduce unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. However, many of them lack accurate information, leading to confusion and misinformation. This study evaluates the impact of an educational intervention on SRH knowledge among 115 eighth and ninth-grade students in Lalitpur, Nepal. This ‘pre-post-test’ study assesses changes in knowledge regarding reproductive health, contraceptive methods, abortion, STIs, and menstruation before and after the intervention of an educational awareness package during 2023. A total of 25 multiple-choice test questions were administered to the students. Results indicate significant improvements across all domains: awareness of reproductive health increased from 13.9% to 36.5%, knowledge of contraceptive methods such as pills rose from 45.2% to 59.6%, and understanding of STIs surged from 34.8% to 75.7%. Additionally, misconceptions about menstruation decreased markedly. The mean knowledge score improved significantly from 8.18 (SD = 2.47) to 10.91 (SD = 2.78), with a p-value of 0.000 indicating statistical significance at the 1% level. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive school SRH education to equip adolescents with essential knowledge and skills, ultimately fostering healthier behaviors and reducing health risks within this vulnerable population. It highlights that while a one-time educational intervention can improve knowledge on SRH, the prevalence of certain misconceptions and knowledge gaps needs ongoing holistic education.

‘पृथु’ महाकाव्यमा प्रयुक्त महत्वपूर्ण पक्षहरूको मूल्याङ्कन (An evaluation of the significant aspects used in the epic 'Prithu')

2025-05-08T01:48:28+00:00

‘पृथु’ महाकाव्य महाकवि सीताराम अधिकारीद्वारा २१ वटा सर्गमा रचना गरिएको ऐतिहासिक महाकाव्य हो । महाकाव्यभित्र चर्चित नेपालको पहिचान, प्राचीन नेपालको स्वरूप, खण्डित नेपालको अवस्था, ,शासकका कुकृत्य, क्रान्तिको आवश्यकता, नेपालमाथि षडयन्त्रकारीको दृष्टि, न्यायिक विचलन, स्वार्थी र अहङ्कारी प्रवृत्ति, मानवमा आसुरी भाव, युद्धवर्णन, राष्ट्रप्रेम, नीति चेतना, राष्ट्रिय एकताको आवश्यकता, परोपकार र मानवतावादी भावना, आध्यात्मिक ज्ञान तथा पौराणिक प्रसङ्ग, मातृमहिमा, प्रकृति चित्रण र राजा पृथुका प्रवृत्ति, देहावसान र अमरताका क्षेत्रमा दिइएको सन्देशका बारेमा चर्चा गर्नु नै यस लेखको मूल मर्म हो । उपर्युक्त विषयवस्तुसँग सम्बन्धित पद्यहरूका आधारमा वास्तविकताको बोध गराउँनु नै यस लेखको मूल उद्देश्य हो । पुस्तकालयमा गई सम्बन्धित व्यक्तिको कृतिको पठनविधि प्रयोग गरी ‘पृथु’ महाकाव्यभित्र उल्लेख भएका उपर्युक्त पक्षलाई पद्य विश्लेषण विधिका आधारमा प्रस्तुत रचना तयार गरिएको छ । ‘पृथु’ महाकाव्यभित्रका माथि उल्लेखित विषयवस्तुहरूलाई प्राथमिक स्रोतका रूपमा मानिएको छ । प्रस्तुत महाकाव्यमा नेपालको पहिचानदेखि राजा पृथुका प्रवृत्ति, देहावसान र अमरतासम्मका १८ वटा विषयवस्तुसँग सम्बन्धी उल्लेख भएका विविध सामग्रीहरूलाई सहायक सामग्रीका रूपमा अपनाइएको छ । प्रस्तुत महाकाव्यमा नेपालको पहिचान, प्राचीन नेपालको स्वरूप, खण्डित नेपालको अवस्था, शासकको कुकृत्य, क्रान्तिको आवश्यकता, नेपालमाथि षडयन्त्रकारीको दृष्टि, न्यायिक विचलन, स्वार्थी र अहङ्कारी प्रवृत्ति, मानवमा आसुरी भाव, युद्धवर्णन, राष्ट्रप्रेम, नीति चेतना, राष्ट्रिय एकताको आवश्यकता,परोपकार र मानवतावादी भावना, आध्यात्मिक ज्ञान तथा पौराणिक प्रसङ्ग, मातृमहिमा, प्रकृति चित्रण र राजा पृथुका प्रवृत्ति, देहावसान र अमरताजस्ता विषयहरूको सन्देश के कसरी प्रस्तुत भएको छ, ? अखण्ड, सवल र सक्षम राष्ट्र निर्माणका लागि के कस्ता कार्य हुनु आवश्यक छ ? राष्ट्रिय एकता के कसरी गर्न सकिन्छ ? जस्ता विषयसँग सम्बद्ध पद्यहरूको चर्चा गर्न खोजिएको छ । पद र प्रतिष्ठाको दुरूपयोग गर्ने, राष्ट्रोन्नतिका लागि वाधक बन्ने प्रवृत्तिलाई हतोत्साहित गर्दै समुन्नत राष्ट्र निर्माणका निम्ति र राष्ट्रलाई अखण्ड एवं स्वाभिमानी बनाउँने प्रसङ्गहरू उल्लेख गर्दै राष्ट्रप्रेमका भावनाहरूलाई उजागर गर्ने प्रयत्न गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत लेख वर्णित विषयहरूका माध्यमबाट आजको राष्ट्रप्रति समस्त मानवको कर्तव्यबोधका बारेमा उल्लेख गरिएकोले ‘पृथु’ महाकाव्यको अध्ययन एवं अनुसन्धान गर्ने अनुसन्धाताहरूका लागि पनि प्रस्तुत लेख्य सामग्री उपयोगी हुने छ । [

The epic Prithu is a historical work composed by poet Sitaram Adhikari in 21 cantos. This article focuses on evaluating the significant themes presented within the epic, including Nepal's identity, the ancient form of Nepal, the fragmented state of the nation, the misdeeds of rulers, the need for revolution, conspiracies against Nepal, judicial deviations, selfish and arrogant tendencies, demonic traits in humans, depictions of war, patriotism, moral consciousness, the necessity of national unity, altruism and humanitarian sentiments, spiritual knowledge and mythological references, maternal glory, depictions of nature, the attributes of King Prithu, his demise, and the message of immortality. The primary objective of this article is to provide a sense of reality based on the poetic verses related to the aforementioned topics. Using the reading methodology of the poet’s work in libraries, this study analyzes the mentioned aspects of the epic using the method of verse analysis. The subjects discussed in the epic are considered as primary sources, while supporting materials related to the 18 topics mentioned — from Nepal's identity to the attributes, demise, and immortality of King Prithu — have been adopted as auxiliary resources. The epic sheds light on themes such as Nepal's identity, the ancient form of Nepal, the fragmented state of the nation, the misdeeds of rulers, the necessity of revolution, conspiracies against Nepal, judicial deviations, selfish and arrogant tendencies, demonic traits in humans, depictions of war, patriotism, moral consciousness, the necessity of national unity, altruism and humanitarian sentiments, spiritual knowledge and mythological references, maternal glory, depictions of nature, and the attributes, demise, and immortality of King Prithu. The article seeks to explore how these themes are presented, the necessary steps for building a unified, strong, and capable nation, and the means to achieve national unity. By discouraging tendencies that misuse power and prestige or hinder national development, the article highlights instances that promote the construction of a prosperous, sovereign, and unified nation while emphasizing patriotism. Through these themes, this article aims to instill a sense of responsibility among all individuals toward the nation today. It also serves as a useful resource for researchers studying or conducting research on the epic Prithu.]

योग र ध्यानको ज्ञान: आत्म-चेतनादेखि बुद्धत्वसम्मको यात्रा (The Knowledge of Yoga and Meditation: A Journey from Self-Awareness to Enlightenment)

2025-05-08T01:58:03+00:00

यस अध्ययनको उद्देश्य योग र ध्यानको ऐतिहासिक, दार्शनिक र व्यावहारिक पक्षहरूको गहिरो विश्लेषण गर्नु हो, विशेष गरी नेपालमा । यस अध्ययनले योग र ध्यानका विभिन्न विधिहरूको महत्त्व र तिनीहरूको जीवनमा सकारात्मक प्रभावको बारेमा जानकारी प्रदान गर्न खोजेको छ। विधिमा साहित्यिक समीक्षा र विभिन्न योग संस्थाहरूको गतिविधिहरूको अवलोकन समावेश गरिएको छ, जस्ले योग र ध्यानको अभ्यासमा रहेका विविधता र तिनीहरूको प्रभावलाई उजागर गर्दछ। मुख्य प्राप्तिहरूमा योग र ध्यानको अभ्यासले मानसिक शान्ति, शारीरिक स्वास्थ्य र समग्र जीवनशैलीमा सुधार ल्याउने क्षमता रहेको छ। अध्ययनले विभिन्न योग विधिहरू जस्तै हठ योग, राज योग र प्राणायामको महत्त्वलाई पनि उल्लेख गर्दछ। यसले ध्यानको अभ्यासलाई मानसिक स्वास्थ्यको लागि अनिवार्य साधनको रूपमा प्रस्तुत गर्दछ। निष्कर्षमा, योग र ध्यानलाई आत्मा र शरीरको एकता र समग्र स्वास्थ्यको लागि अनिवार्य अभ्यासको रूपमा मानिन्छ । सबै ध्यानाहरु योग अन्तर्गत पर्दछन् तर सबै योगहरु ध्यान अन्तर्गत पर्दैनन् । यस अध्ययनले सुझाव दिन्छ कि व्यक्तिहरूलाई नियमित रूपमा योग र ध्यानको अभ्यास गर्न प्रोत्साहित गर्नुपर्छ, विद्यालय र समुदायमा यसको शिक्षालाई समावेश गर्नुपर्छ, र यस क्षेत्रमा थप अनुसन्धानको आवश्यकता छ । यसले योग र ध्यानको फाइदाबारे जनचेतना बढाउने र तिनीहरूको अभ्यासलाई प्रवर्द्धन गर्ने दिशामा महत्वपूर्ण कदम हुनेछ । [

The objective of this study is to conduct an in-depth analysis of the historical, philosophical, and practical aspects of yoga and meditation, particularly in the context of Nepal. The study aims to provide insights into the significance of various yoga and meditation practices and their positive impacts on life. The methodology includes a literature review and observation of activities from different yoga institutions, highlighting the diversity of practices and their effects. Key findings indicate that the practice of yoga and meditation has the potential to enhance mental peace, physical health, and overall lifestyle improvement. The study also emphasizes the importance of various yoga forms such as Hatha Yoga, Raja Yoga, and Pranayama. It presents meditation as an essential tool for mental health. In conclusion, yoga and meditation are regarded as essential practices for the unity of the soul and body, as well as for overall health. The study suggests that individuals should be encouraged to practice yoga and meditation regularly, incorporate their teachings in schools and communities, and recognize the need for further research in this area. This would be a significant step towards raising awareness about the benefits of yoga and meditation and promoting their practice.]