International Research Journal of MMC (IRJMMC)

Effect of Tax Revenue and Foreign Grants on Government Activities: A Study in Nepalese Perspective

Arjun Kumar Dahal — 2024-03-01

This study aims to examine the impact of previous years’ government expenditure, tax revenue, and foreign grants on determining Nepal's government activities or expenditures. The secondary data from used in the analysis. It includes 48 data points from 1974/75 to 2021/22, collected from the publication of Nepal Rastra Bank and economic surveys of Nepal. The descriptive and exploratory research designs are used in this study. Some statistical and econometric tools like descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, multiple regression analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and residual analysis are used in this study. The previous expenditure determines the present government activities. Tax revenue, foreign grants, and previous years’ government expenditures are individually and jointly significant in determining the government expenditure. One unit increase in tax revenue and foreign grants resulted in a 0.177 and 0.046 unit increase in government expenditure in Nepal, respectively. 86.5 percent variation in government activities is determined by the previous year's government expenditure, tax revenue, and foreign grants. The positive impact of tax revenue is more than foreign grants on spending government activities. So, the policymakers must prioritize measures that increase domestic tax revenue.

Examining the Impact of Quality Service on Customer Satisfaction in the Emerging Landscape of Online Clothing Retail in Nepal

Raju Bhai Manandhar — 2024-03-01

Online clothing retailers, both domestic and international, offer a wide range of brands at affordable prices, catering to the preferences of the young generation. This study aims to examine the association and effect of quick delivery service, price quotations, and quality products and services with customer satisfaction in online clothing stores in Nepal. The study employed analytical research designs. The study targeted customers involved in online clothing shopping as the theoretical population. The 140 respondents were selected through snowball sampling. Primary data have been collected by using online questionnaire surveys. The study adopted descriptive statistics like mean, standard deviation, covariance, independent sample t-test, and inferential statistics such as correlation and regression to analyze and interpret the data. This study explored online clothing purchases, finding no significant gender differences in perceptions. Positive correlations between key variables, such as price quotations, quick delivery service, and quality products, suggested their impact on customer satisfaction. Regression analysis confirmed significant associations with customer satisfaction, emphasizing the primacy of product quality and service delivery except pricing. The study recommends prioritizing these factors to boost online clothing sales, highlighting their crucial influence on customer satisfaction in the digital retail landscape.

'पसिनाको घर’ कवितासङ्ग्रहभित्रको पञ्चप्रेम {Panchaprem in the poetry collection "Pasinakoghar"}

Madhusudan Lamichhane — 2024-03-01

‘पसिनाको घर’ कवितासङ्ग्रहभित्रका बयालिसवटा कविताहरूमध्ये पाँचवटा कविता ‘आकाशजस्तो प्रेम’, ‘मित्रता र प्रेम’, ‘नबुझेको प्रेम’, ‘अलिखित प्रेम’ र ‘हाम्रो प्रेम’ शीर्षकका कवितामा आत्मिक प्रेमका बोरमा चर्चा गर्नु नै यस लेखको मूल मर्म हो । उपर्युक्त कविताहरूभित्र अभिव्यक्त आत्मिक प्रेम पक्षको पहिचान गरी विश्लेषण गर्नु यस लेखको मूल उद्देश्य हो । पुस्तकालयमा गई पूर्वीय दर्शनसँग आबद्ध भएका पुस्तकहरूको पठनविधि प्रयोग गरी कविताभित्र उल्लेख भएको आत्मिक प्रेमको पक्षलाई कविताको विश्लेषण विधिका आधारमा लेख तयार गरिएको छ । पसिनाको घरभित्र कवितासङ्ग्रहभित्रका प्रेमपरक पाँचवटा कविताहरूलाई प्राथमिक स्रोतका रुपमा मानिएको छ । आत्मिक प्रेम सम्बन्धी उल्लेख भएका आध्यात्मिक सामग्रीहरूलाई सहयोगी सामग्रीका रुपमा अपनाइएको छ । आत्मिक प्रेमको चर्चा गर्ने क्रममा कवितासङ्ग्रहमा उल्लेख गरिएका उपर्युक्त शीर्षकका पाँचवटा कविताहरूमा के कस्तो खालको प्रेमपरक भाव व्यक्त भएको छ, प्रेमका सम्बन्धमा भोग्नु परेका सस्याहरू, नारीको अवमूल्यन गरिएका प्रसङ्गहरू, सुन्दर सपनाहरु साकार पार्नका लागि नारीद्वारा गरिने निरन्तर गरिने सङ्घर्ष, नारीले भोग्नु परेका बाधा तथा व्यवधानहरू, सङ्घर्षका पाटाहरू र भौतिक सम्पन्नतातिर दौडिरहेको आजको समाज र उनीहरुका अतृप्त चाहनाहरूकै कारणले असन्तुष्ट मनहरूको उल्लेख गर्दै आत्मिक प्रेमको उजागर गर्न खोजिएको छ । वास्तवमा उक्त पाँचवटा कविताभित्र सामाजिक समस्या, नारीप्रतिको दृष्टिकोण, नारीलाई भोग्यका रुपमा व्यक्त गरिएका प्रसङ्गहरू उल्लेख गर्दै आत्मिक प्रेमको उजागर गर्ने प्रयत्न गरिएको छ । पाँचवटै कविताहरूका माध्यमबाट आत्मिक प्रेमका बारेमा खोजी गरिएकोले आजको समाजमा आत्मिक प्रेमको अनुसन्धान गर्ने व्यक्तिहरूका लागि पनि प्रस्तुत लेख जीवनोपयोगी हुने छ ।

{The primary objective of this article is to delve into the theme of spiritual love within five selected poems from the "Pasinako Ghar" poetry collection. The poems under examination include "Akash Jasto Prem," "Mitrata ra Prem," "Nabujheko Prem," "Alikhit Prem," and "Hamro Prem." The fundamental aim is to identify and thoroughly analyze the representation of spiritual love in these particular poems. This article has been crafted through an analysis approach focusing on the theme of spiritual love as expressed in the poem. The methodology employed involves a thorough examination of literature related to ancient philosophy, utilizing resources available in the library. The primary focus is on five love poems featured in the 'Pasinako Ghar' poetry anthology, which are regarded as the main sources for this exploration. The article has utilized supportive materials related to spiritual love to explore the concept in the poems. The article aims to highlight the various dimensions of profound love expressed in these poems, including the struggles faced in love, the societal expectations related to love, the challenges and conflicts encountered by women in expressing their desires, the continuous struggles initiated by women for shaping beautiful dreams, and the constant societal conflicts and materialistic pursuits that have left today's society and individuals dissatisfied. In essence, the article seeks to shed light on the portrayal of spiritual love amidst social issues, the perspectives on women, the obstacles faced by women in enjoying love, and the unfulfilled desires due to contemporary societal and individual dissatisfaction. The exploration of these themes within the context of the five mentioned poems serves as a valuable resource for individuals in contemporary society who are interested in delving into the realm of spiritual love.}

Scrutinizing the Impact of Family Economic Status on Students' Academic Achievement

Ram Bahadur Bhandari — 2024-03-01

A chief objective of this article is to scrutinize the impact of family economic status on the students' academic achievement. Children’s academic success is a multifaceted outcome influenced by various factors, and family economic status is one of the significant determinants. The study synthesizes existing literature to provide a comprehensive understanding of how socioeconomic factors shape students' educational courses. This article has been based on the cross-sectional survey design which employed the socio-economic status as an independent variable the students’ academic achievement as a dependent variable. Data were collected through the survey questionnaire from 386 students who were studying at 14 high schools situated in Makawanpur district, Nepal. Linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the impact of family economic status on the students' academic achievement. The regression analysis (R-Square: .647) which is known as a predictive analysis depicted that 64.7% change in the students’ academic achievement was due to the family economic status, and remaining 35.3% change was due to others factors. Studying the impact of family economic status on students' academic achievement is crucial for understanding and addressing the potential inequalities and challenges that may arise in educational outcomes. Such a study allows for targeted interventions and support to improve overall educational equity. The impact of family economic status on students' academic achievement is multifaceted. It encompasses resource access, school quality, socioemotional well-being, and parental involvement. Acknowledging these dynamics is crucial for educators, policymakers, and researchers in developing interventions to bridge achievement gaps and promote equal opportunities for all students, irrespective of their family's economic background.

A Study of Linear Model Fitting and Distribution Analysis on Random Numbers Generated in Fortran

Rajendra Neupane — 2024-03-01

In this study, we employed Fortran 90 programming to generate pseudorandom numbers ranging from 0 to 1 at various sample sizes (n = 1000, 500, 250, 125, 63, 32, 16, 8). Subsequently, linear fitting models were applied to the generated data. Our findings indicated that the higher sample size of n=1000 yielded the least asymptotic standard error for both slope ‘a’ and intercept ‘b’ parameters in the linear equation. We observed a decrease in the sum of squares of residuals as the sample size (n) decreased, indicating that the linear model also provided a better fit to the data with smaller sample sizes. The consistent nature of the kernel density estimate plots suggests that as the sample size increases, the estimation becomes more precise and less affected by random noise or sampling variability, further enhancing the reliability of the estimated PDF.

Accessibility and Disability-Inclusive Urban Planning in Kathmandu Metropolitan City

Ramesh Prasad Singh — 2024-03-01

This research aims to explore the importance of accessibility and disability-inclusive urban planning. For this, it analyzes the problems of disabled people, especially physically disabled people, living in Kathmandu Metropolitan City. The review of the literature shows that people with disabilities face a widespread lack of accessibility to build environments, from roads and housing to public buildings and spaces and basic urban services such as sanitation and water, health, education, transportation, and emergency response and resilience programs. Particularly, one of the main problems in Kathmandu Metropolitan City is the inaccessibility of urban public spaces such as sidewalks, bus stops, pedestrian crossings, etc. for people with all kinds of abilities. Persons with disability (PWDs), often struggle with the complexities of the built environment in urban areas that hinder their equal participation in daily activities. So, there is a need for accessibility and disability-inclusive urban planning in Kathmandu metropolitan city.

Land Use Land Cover Change Detectionin Churia of Bara District, Nepal by Using GIS and Remote Sensing

Shiv Kumar Manjan — 2024-03-01

Land use land cover (LULC) is a dynamic process. It is derived by forces responsible for these changes. LULC changes has become a central component of current strategies in managing natural resources and monitoring environmental changes. Among them, Forest cover have been changes due to different activities like deforestation, encroachment infrastructure development etc. so, the study was carried out with integrated approach using Remote sensing and GIS techniques together with socio-economic data to examine the LULC change and its driving forces. Image processing was done through supervised classification in order to prepare LULC maps using Maximum Likelihood algorithm. Result showed that the forest cover as well as Rivers & Riverine area are decreasing by 0.39% and 1.06% per year respectively, contributing to increase Agricultural land and built-up area at the rate of 1.13% and 4.18% per year respectively in churia range of Bara, Nepal. Mostly, forest area has been converted to Built-up area between 1991 to 2018. Similarly, drivers found associated with forest cover decrease were illegal settlement & encroachment, high dependency on forest product, grazing & forest Fires, infrastructure development & urbanization, natural drivers, land fragmentation, environmental consequences and political instabilities.

Parents’ Social Value and Prestige in the Choice of Schools for Children

Sangam Chaulagai — 2024-03-01

Choice of schools is a significant factor that may affect children’s future careers. After the beginning of privatisation of school education in Nepal, parents have choices either to choose government-aided schools or private schools for their children. The purpose of this study was to explore how parents’ social value and prestige influenced the choice of schools for their children. This study analysed and interpreted data from a Marxist concept of sign exchange value employing a qualitative research design. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews from two government-aided and two private schools. Ten parents and four headteachers of those schools were the participants of this study. The research found that social value and prestige of parents are significant factors in the choice of schools. Many of the parents desired to admit their children to expensive private schools rather than in government-aided schools to maintain their social status.

Unveiling Humility as an Influential Virtue

Lok Raj Sharma — 2024-03-01

Humility is the quality or condition of having a modest opinion and a candid acknowledgement of one's own and others' strengths and weaknesses. A rudimentary objective of this article is to unveil humility as an influential virtue in various aspects of human interaction and societal dynamics through overviewing secondary qualitative data garnered from books, journal articles and web documents published between 1967 and 2021. Although historical perceptions hold humility as a passive or subservient trait, it emerges as a robust force capable of fostering meaningful connections, enhancing leadership effectiveness, and promoting overall well-being. The research employs a thematic analysis under a qualitative research design, drawing on insights from psychology, philosophy, and religions to unravel the subtle impact of humility on our day-to-day lives. The research findings indicate humility as a virtue that contributes to the establishment of trust, collaboration, and positive social dynamics, thereby influencing the overall structure of communities and organizations. This article is significant as it makes readers recognize the strength of humility that contributes not only to personal development but also to the cultivation of healthier, more collaborative, and more resilient societies.

Nepal's Legal Framework against Sexual Harassment: A Comprehensive Review

Tribhuwon Sharma — 2024-03-01

Background: This in-depth analysis delves into Nepal's remarkable evolution in combatting and preventing sexual harassment through legal provisions. The review meticulously explores the policies articulated by the Nepal Law Commission, which have played a pivotal role in shaping the nation's approach to addressing and preventing sexual harassment.

Objective: It aimed to explore key legislative acts, amendments, and special provisions that set Nepal apart in the fight against sexual harassment, emphasizing the country's commitment to fostering safe and respectful environments.

Methods: The website of the Nepal Law Commission was the main information source, where 19 pertinent legislation pertaining to sexual harassment were carefully examined. Manual literature searches, desk reviews, and narrative reviews were used to synthesize the content. Both commonalities and distinct approaches were highlighted through a careful review and analysis of the specific sexual harassment-related laws of Nepal and comparison made in with neighboring South Asian countries.

Results: In comparison to South Asian countries, Nepal has a strong legal system that reflects its unwavering commitment to ending sexual harassment. It has a wide variety of legislation that places an emphasis on accessibility and inclusion. Nepal's legal landscape is commended for its clarity, inclusivity, and proactive measures, while challenges such as potential overlaps among laws and the need for integrated coordination are recognized.

Conclusions: The article emphasizes the continuous evolution and refinement of Nepal's legal framework, underscoring the importance of ongoing efforts, public awareness, and international collaboration in shaping effective and inclusive policies against sexual harassment.

RETRACTED Impulse Buying Intentions of Gen Z’s Consumers from Hedonic Shopping Perspective for Apparels

Surabhi Agrawal — 2024-03-01

On 4^th April 2024 this article was retracted from IRJMMC because it had already been published in the Apex Journal of Business and Management.

Agrawal, S., & Pandey, A. C. (2024). Impulse Buying Intentions of Gen Z's Consumers From Hedonic Shopping Perspective for Apparels. Apex Journal of Business and Management (AJBM), 2(1), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10896595.

Examining the Societal Impact on Women Involved in Income Generation

Sabita Karki — 2024-03-01

Nepal has taken significant steps towards gender equality in recent years and has a relatively high percentage of women participating in the labor force. However, a study has found that a large number of economically active women in Nepal do not have access to economic resources, with three-quarters of the unpaid family labor force being women. This study aims to examine how societal factors influence women’s participation on income-generating activities and identify with a sample of 50 women selected from Kathmandu valley through a convenience sampling technique. The data were collected through survey methods using questionnaires. Data analysis was done using "SPSS" and Ms-Excel software, with correlation and regression analyses being conducted to determine the relationship between variables and the percentage change in one variable due to the change in another variable. The study concludes that societal factors have a positive impact on women’s involvement in income-generating activities in the Kathmandu area. The R and R square were .83 and .68, respectively. The research offers insights into the transformation of societal attitudes and norms. It enriches the academic discourse by supplying empirical data on how societal influences affect women’s economic engagement, contextualized within a distinct cultural and geographical setting.